How does a battery generate the electromotive force?

We propose a dynamical theory of how the chemical energy stored in a battery generates the electromotive force (emf). In this picture, the battery's half-cell acts as an engine, cyclically extracting work from its underlying chemical disequilibrium. We show that the double layer at the electrode–electrolyte

What is electromotive force?

The electromotive force is the work done by a battery on the charge carriers to transport them across the entire circuit, per unit charge. It can be thought of as

How do you measure electromotive force in a battery?

The electromotive force is the work done by a battery on the charge carriers to transport them across the entire circuit, per unit charge. It can be thought of as the specific energy given to the charge carriers. To measure the emf of a battery, one can connect it in a circuit with a resistor, a voltmeter and an ampere meter.

Does battery EMF underestimate or overestimate after charging a battery?

It is compared to the reference EMF measured as the OCV of the battery at the time 10 h after the current interruption. This result as well as other tests shows that the proposed method usually underestimates the battery EMF after discharging and overestimates the EMF after charging the battery. The possible sources of the inaccuracy are:

Can a dynamic model explain a battery's EMF?

We have proposed a dynamic model of the electrode–electrolyte interface that can explain the pumping that gives rise to the battery's emf. This required us to move beyond the electrostatic description on which most of the literature in both condensed-matter physics and electrochemistry is based.

Does the pumping of charge generate the emf of a battery?

In this article we propose that the pumping of charge that generates the emf of a battery is associated with the dynamics-in-time of the double layer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. This double layer incorporates a mechanical elasticity 10 or “squishiness”, 11,12 that is compatible with an electrochemical Gouy–Chapman-type model.